Tyres experience stress differently depending on speed, load, terrain, duty cycle, and environment. These operating conditions determine where stress concentrates inside the tyre, which zones become critical, and what properties carbon black must deliver.
Operating Conditions
Why this matters
Road tyres are heat-limited rather than load-limited. Excess reinforcement increases hysteresis, leading to heat-driven fatigue and reduced efficiency
These grades provide abrasion resistance but often increase heat build-up and dispersion sensitivity.
Conventional ASTM grades used
N110
N121
N220
N234
N339
N347
N110 → PROPELON® PX-1
N121 → PROPELON® PX-2
N121 → PROPELON® PX-2
Why this zone matters
The undertread absorbs cyclic strain and governs heat flow away from the tread.
Conventional ASTM grades used
N375
N326
N550
Lower hysteresis drift
Stable fatigue behaviour
Why this zone matters
At high speed, belt fatigue and adhesion stability govern tyre integrity.
Conventional ASTM grades used
N375
N330
N550
Improved rubber-to-cord fatigue endurance
Stable modulus retention
Why this zone matters
Continuous flexing and environmental exposure drive crack initiation.
Conventional ASTM grades used
N330
N550
N660
Reduced crack growth
Improved long-term flex durability
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